1) Low Level Language:
A) Machine
Language:
The first generation of computer languages were the languages
used by the technicians who designed the computers. These were called machine
language.
In machine language the instructions are written using zero’s and one’s
(0’s-1’s). Computers use the binary system. All date or instructions ultimately
have to be converted into a combination of Binary Digits (BITS)
0’s and 1’s. Each computer system has its own machine language.
The machine language is the
only one that the processor directly “under stands” writing programmes in
machine language proved to be extremely difficult as well as Tedious. It is
easily used for writing programmes, as it is very hard. The language consists
of an instruction the language consists of an instruction set for computer with
a computer format.
B) Assembly
Language:
In second generation of computers were used the assembly
language. This language was designed to facilitate writing programmes. In this
method mnemonic codes are used by the programmer rather, than binary digits for
Ex: - instead of using “0010” which
represents the “add” operation in machine language, programmers use a mnemonic
codes “ADD” for addition, “Sub” for Subtractions, “MUL” for Multiplication,
“DIV” for Division directly. Auto coder is an Example of assembly language used
in the IBM-1401 System.
2) HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGE:
A high level language is designed to be user-friendly enabling
programmers to write instructions. Using a combination of words in English and
mathematical notations. The third Generation of languages are the high level
languages. Some examples are COBOL,
BASIC, PASCAL, C, C++, etc.
SOURCE AND
OBJECT PROGRAMMES:
Source programmes written in Assembly Language are converted into
machine language by using software called “Assembler.”
A compiler is a programme,
which resides permanently on Secondary storage. It takes instructions of the
sources programme as an input converts them into equalent machine language. An “interpreter”
is also used for translating High-Level Language instructions into Machine
Language.
SWITCHING ON A COMPUTER
POST FUNCTION
Whenever the PC is
switched ON, Perform a Power On Self Test (POST). This test includes a
reliability check of memory. The Operating System is loaded into memory other
wise an error massage is displayed. The process of loading O.S. or DOS (Disk
Operating System) into memory is called “Booting”. Booting is nothing but to
start computer by switching ON/OFF. There are two types of Booting.
1. Hard Booting (Cold Boot) 2. Soft Booting (Warm Boot)
1. HARD BOOTING: - When we switch OFF/ON a computer is called Hard Booting.
2. SOFT BOOTING: - When we switch ON a computer after
some time, if we need to restart the computer we can press CTRL+ALT+DEL
The two ways of booting PC
are Cold Boot and Warm Boot. A cold boot is the process by which the computer
is started from the power OFF state. A
Warm Boot is the process where the pc is already powered and the user
desires to re initialized the ram with dos.
The differences between the
two kinds of booting procedures is that a cold boot initiates the ROM (Power On
Self Test) procedure which a warm boot doesn’t
at the stage the screen will display the c:\> which is known as C Prompt.
This prompt also called the system prompt for the Dos-Prompt
DATA AND INFORMATION
DEFINITION:
Data is any collection of Facts,
Observation, and Assumptions
Ex: -inventory features,
financial records, customer’s names, and addresses etc.
Collection of Characters
Ü
Collection of Fields
Ü
Collection of Records
Ü
File or Information or Data
CHARACTERS:
It is the
smallest unit of the data, used for the purpose of recording.
We can classified them into
different categories as follows:
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