Which is a setup program, designed to manage the Entire operations of a
computer system is called Operating System. OS (Operating System) is category
of system software. The hardware can not function without the OS. The OS
provides an Interface between the Hardware and User. The software performs the functions of
storage management and input and output device management.
A more popular OS system is DOS (Disk operating system). The most
popular OS used with the PC (Personal Computer) is the MS-DOS (Microsoft - Disk
Operating system). MS-DOS and “XENIX” is a product of Micro Soft Corporation of
U.S.A. “UNIX” is product of
“Bell
UNIX: UNIX is used for Multi User computer systems.
The Disk Operating System comprises of many programs. The most
essential programmes of the MS-DOS are IO.SYS, MS-DOS, and COMMAND.COM. These
programmes have special features associated with them so that users can not
delete or temper with them, they or hidden, these three programs are also referred
to as the System Files.
CAPABILITIES OF DOS: - The functions of Dos are as follows.
- Monitor
commands given by the user to a computer.
- Load
and Execute programs specified by the user.
- Manage
the devices attached to the computer.
Example:
Key Board, Monitor, Ram, Rom (Read Only Memory), peripherals etc.
4. Manage the files of Data and
Programs that the computer will work with.
Q1: What is Command?
Ans:
Command is an Instruction to Computer.
Q2: What is a Programming?
Ans:
Programming is list of instructions continuously.
Q3. What is a File?
Ans: File is a collection of
information or relates data and every file has its name almost all information
stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many types of files.
1.
Data Files: Contains Data
2.
Text Files: Contains Text
3.
Programme Files: Contains Programs.
4.
Different Types of files contains different types of Information.
A
file has its name different operating system impose different restriction file
name. Most operating system prohibit use of certain characters in a file name
an impose a limit on the length of file name in addition many system allow and
extension name that consist of one or more character following the proper file
name.
The Extentions usually indicates which type of file it is. MS-DOS
allows the user to enter a file name of maximum 8 characters and Extention Name
of maximum 3 characters.
The
file name and the extention are separated by a DOT (.). First name of file is
called “Primary Name” and the Extension name of the file is called “Secondary Name”.
The Extension name displayed after the DOT mark.
Q4: What is a Directory?
Ans: Directory is a special kind of a file used to
organize other file into a hierarchical structure. We can think of a Directory
as a folder, that contains files and other folders. The top most directory is
any file system is called the “Root Directory”. A directory that is below
another directory is called “Sub - Directory”.
To
Read information from a directory or to write information into a directory, we
must use an operating system command. Can not edit a directory, files directly.
Example: The DIR commands in DOS
read a directory and displace its contents.
Q5: How many types of Commands in MS-DOS? Discuss
about Commands in details?
Ans: In
MS-DOS there are two types of Commands.
Internal commands (Memory Loaded
Commands)
External Commands (Diskette
Commands)
INTERNAL COMMANDS
Internal
Commands are the simplest most commonly used commands and execute immediately.
They are part of a file called Command.Com. When we list the directory of DOS, the
internal commands are not seen.
Internal
commands are Read into the memory at the time of Booting and they stay in the
memory until the machine is Switched Off. The other Commands are called
External commands, Built in the form of utility programs and are no Read into
the memory. Some internal commands are
listed below.
1.
Dir (Directory): This command is used to see
the files and Directories from the working directory. There are some parameters
of DIR command.
Syntax:
DIR
Dir/p:
This command is used to see the files and the directories by page wise.
Syn:
dir/p
Dir/w:
This command is used to see the files and directories by width-wise (Wide-
Syn:
Dir/w
Dir/s:
This command is used to scroll all the system files.
Dir/o:
It is use full option used to display the files in a particular (Alphabetical
wise of
the file name and extension name by order
of the file size or by the order of data or
time)order.
a) Dir/o:n: will display files in the Alphabetical Order
of the files (A-Z)
Syn: dir/o: n 8b) Dir/o:-n: will display files in Reverse Order (Z-A)
Syn:dir/o:-n
8
c) Dir/o:e
: will display file in the
alphabetical order as per Extension names
Syn:
dir/o: e 8
d) Dir/o:-e: will display files in the reverse order
of the extension names.
Syn:
dir/o:-e 8
e) Dir/o:s: will display entries in the stored order
of the file size in Ascending Order.
Syn:
dir/o: s 8
f) Dir/o:-s: will entries in the stored order of the
files size Descending Order
Syn:
dir/o:-s 8
2) CLS: This command is used to Clear the
Screen.
Syn:
CLS 8
3) DATE:
This command allows the user to see Date as well as change the date.
Syn:
Date 8
4) TIME:
This command allows the user to see Time as well as change the time.
5) VOL:
This command is used to see the volume or Label Name & serial number of
working disk Syn: Vol 8
6) VER:
This command is used to see the current version of software.
Syn:
Ver 8
7) COPY
CON: This command is used to Create a New File.
Syn: Copy Con (File name) 8
After typing the matter we have
to save the file by applying the keys combination
of Ctrl+z or F6 (function key)
8) TYPE:
This command is used to see the contents of a file (open).
Syn:
Type (File name) 8
9) MD
or MKDIR (Make Directory): This command is used to create a new Directory
Syntax:
MD (Dir Name)
10) CD
or CH DIR: CD stands for Change a Directory. This command is used to enter in a
directory or Come Out from a
directory.
i) To
Enter in a directory
Syn:
CD (Dir Name)
ii) To
Come Out from a directory.
Syntax:
CD... 8
11) REN
(Rename): REN command is used to change the name of a File or Directory
Syn:
Ren (Old file or Directory name) (New Name)
12) DEL
from working directory. Syn: Del
13) ERASE:
This command is used to delete a file permanently from working directory.
Syn: Erase (File name)
After applying this command we cannot Call Back deleted file(s)
14) RD
or RM DIR: RD stands for Remove Directory. It is important to remember that
directory should be empty (only for directories)
Syn: RD (Directory name)
8
15) PATH: The path command specifies the
location of a file with in the directory. We can think of it as the root MS-DOS
travel starting from root directory to get files from another directory
16) PROMPT: This command is used to change
the MS-DOS prompt. We can customize the command prompt to display any text we
want including such information as the name of the current directory the Time,
Date, some parameters of Prompt command are $P,$G,$T,$D.
Syn:
PROMPT text parameters.
Example:
Prompt (Urdu Academy
17) COPY:
copy command is used to make a duplicate copy of files.
1) From
one directory to another directory with the same name.
2) From
one directory to another directory with the Different name.
3) From
one Drive to another Drive with the same Name.
4) From
one Drive to another Drive with the Different name.
Important
for the copy command.
(1) Copy
from where (2) To whom (3) To Where
Syn: copy (path from where and whom we want to
copy) (Path to where we want to copy)
EXTERNAL COMMAND
In DOS system an external command
doesn’t desired in the COMMAND.COM file. The external commands including all
other .Com files as well as .Exe (Executive) files and BAT (Batch) files. Every
external command has its separate file to RUN. Some external
command listed below.
1) MEM (Memory): This command displays the
amount of used and free memory
or space of the disk. Syn:
Mem 8
2) CHKDSK (check Disk): This command
displays report of a disk. The status report shows Logical Error on the disk.
If error exist on the disk CHKDSK alerts as with a massage. This command also
provides data information about the disk that how many Bytes of free on the
disk, how many bytes occupied on the disk, space on the disk etc.
Syn: CHKDSK
(Drive Name) 8
3) LABEL:
This command is used to see and change the Label Name of the Disk.
Syn: Label 8
4) TREE: This command is used to display
all the files and contents of sub directories
in a shape of invented tree. Syn: Tree (Dir name) 8
5) ATTRIB: This command is used to protect
(Hide) files. With the help of ATTRIB
command we can make a file “Read only” and we can
“Hide” files and vice versa.
Syn: Attrib
+r +h (File name or Dir name)
To make a file Write and Unhidden
Syn:
Attrib –r –h (File name or Dir name)
6) XCOPY/E:
This command is used to copy all the Files and Sub - Directories
(Empty also) from on directory to
another directory.
Syn: xcopy/e
(path1) (path2)
7) XCOPY/S: To copy all Directories and
Sub Directories with Files. Not copied
Empty Sub – Directories.
Syn: xcopy/s
(path1) (path2)
8) DOSKEY: This command stores
the users used commands. After using some Commands of DOS we can reselect from
those commands with the help of Up arrow or Down arrow key. To use of this command
we have type “Doskey” at the command prompt and then press Enter Key a message
will appear on the screen “Doskey Installed”.
Note:- In Windows XP this Command
Included in Internal Command
9) FIND: Searches for a
specific string of text in a file or files. After searching the specified
files, find displays any lines it has found that contain the specified string.
The string must be specify in “double quotation” marks.
Syntax: FIND “String” (drive) (path)
(filename) or
Syntax: FIND (/V) (/C) (/N) “String” (files)
Where (files) – list of files to
be searched
(String)
– search string
/V - Display all lines not having the
search string
/C - Count of all lines containing string
/N - Display with line number the line
containing search string
10) MORE: Displays output one screen at a time
Syntax:
MORE (Filename) (OR) Type (Filename) | MORE
11) SORT: This command reads input, sorts the data, and the write
sorted data to
your screen, to a file, or to
another device.
Syntax:
SORT (Filename)
12) MOVE: Moves and renames files and directories.
Syntax:
MOVE (Drive/Pathname1) (Drive/Pathname2)
13) UN
DELETE: This command is used to call
back the deleted files
Syn:
Undelete (File name) 8
14) DELTREE: This command deletes all files
and sub directories from working
directories. Syn: Deltree (Dir Name) 8
15) FORMAT:
The Format command format the disk to accept files or data on to it. The format
command creates Tracks and Sectors and a new root directory on the disk. This
command is also show Bad Area of the disk. It deletes all the contents of disk.
16) BACK UP: This command back up one or more
files from one to another disk or
One Drive to another drive. Syn:
Back up {Path1 or Drive1} {Path2 or Drive2}
Where
path 1 it the path from where we want to backup. Path2 is the path to where we
want to back up.
17) DISK COPY: This command copies all the
contents of disk from one disk to another Disk. It is important to know that, this
command first format the disk and then copies the contents.
Syn: Disk copy (Disk1) (Disk2) WILDCARD CHARACTERS:
Wildcard
characters are those characters, which are used for substituting one character
or a set of characters. The Wild Card Characters are used to restrict
the scope of a DOS command to only those files, which matches the pattern
specified. These are of two types –“*” (Asterick) and, “?”(Question) Mark. Where
“*” can substitute a set of characters and “?” can only substitute a characters
at a particular position.
ASTERICK-‘*’: it indicates more then one characters.
QUESTION MARK –‘?’: it indicates a single character.
v Some Examples:
C :\> DIR H*.* : It will display all starting character ‘H’
Files.
C :\> DIR?????.*: It will display only five
character files with any extension.
C:\> DIR*TXT:It will displays only .TXT Extensions
Files only.
C:\>DIR *. ? L? ; It will display all files
with extension second character if ‘L’ only.
C:\>DIR? M*.*: It will display all second
character ‘M’ files.
EDIT
COMMAND: This command is used to change as well as modify the text of file. In
MS-DOS Editor type “Edit” at the command prompt of DOS this will open in MS-DOS
Editor.
MS-DOS EDITOR
MS-DOS Editor is a text Editor. We
use this editor to create, edit and print memos, letters & special files etc.
Ms-dos to use this editor, we use key board or a mouse.
When
we use MS-DOS editor, we can do the following.
Ø
Choose commands from Pull Down Menus &
specify information in dialogue boxes
Ø
Select text and move copy or – delete it.
Ø
Find and replace text we specify
Ø
Use help to find information about MS-DOS
Editor procedures and Commands
Q1) How do we get start MS-DOS Editor?
Ans:
- Just type “Edit” at the Dos command Prompt and press Enter Key. This
will be open up Ms Dos – Editor Window.
1. WORKING WITH MENUS
To perform commands in MS-DOS Editor, we choose
commands from menus on the menu bar. The Menu Bar is displayed at the top of
the MS-DOS Editor window. Before choosing a command, we select the menu that
contains the commands. To select a Menu Press ALT + First letter of the menu
name (Hot Key), Press the UP and DOWN Arrow Key to select the command. After
selecting command Press Enter or Press the lighted Letter (Hot Key) in the
command Menu. If a command does not have a highlighted letter, we must perform
an action before than we can use it. If a command has a Short Cut Key,
then we can use it.
2. WORKING WITH DIALOUGE BOXES
When we choose some commands a
dialogue box appears. We type additional information or select option in a
dialogue boxes have areas where we can type information or select option. We
can move from one area to another area by pressing “TAB” key. We can also move
in Reverse by pressing “Shift + TAB” Keys.
Pull
Down Menu Commands Listed Below:
File Menu Commands: Edit Menu Commands: Search Menu Commands:
File Menu Commands:
New: This is the first command of
File Menu. It is use to Create a new text file.
Open: This
command is used to open an existing file. When we choose open command, It
displays a dialogue box. Where we specify path and file name or select a directory
where our file resides to open it.
Save: Saves the working files.
Save As: With this command we can make a
duplicate of a file.
Close: This command Closes the Working
File.
Print: When
we choose this command it also displays a dialogue box, this dialogue box
contains information to ask the used to print “what”
Exit: Exit command is used to Come Out
from MS-DOS Editor.
Edit Menu Commands:
Cut: This
command is use to Cut the selected text. To apply this command we must select
the text. With the help of this command we move the text.
Copy: This command is used to Copy the
selected text.
Paste: This
command is used to Paste the copied text or to paste the text which we cut with
the
help of cut command.
Clear: This command is used to clear or
delete the selected text.
Search Menu Commands:
Find…: This
command is used to find any word or text, which is specify in dialogue box.
Repeat
Last Find: By applying this command we can see our last
find. When this command
completes last find in the text it
displays a message that “find complete”.
Replace: With the help of this command we
can replace a text with another text, which is
specify in dialogue box.
View Menu Commands: Option
Menu Commands: Help Menu Commands:
View Menu Commands:
we
can make changing or modify in two windows of files.
Size
Window: This command is used to Change the file window
Size. After change the window
size Press Enter Key.
Close
Window: This command is used to close a window, which
is open with the split window
command.
1,
2, 3 Untitled & Open Files: This command is display the all
open files in the hierarchical structure. This command mentions how many files
are opened in MS-DOS Editor Window. Maximum 9 Files are open’s in MS-DOS.
Option Menu Commands:
Settings…: This command sets the Tab Stops
Setup.
Colors: This
command is used to change, normal text, selected text, window border, menu bar,
status line, dialogue, dialogues buttons, dialogue title bar and dialogue
scroll bars. To change colours you should open colours dialogue box and select
the part of window and colour and lastly Press OK button.
Help Menu Commands:
Commands…:
This command displays all the edit commands, which is opens with the help of
F1 key (Function key). Both are same edit
commands displayed.
About…:
This command is display the MS-DOS Editor version and copy right etc.
CURSOR MOVEMENT COMMANDS:
Home : Move to the start of the current
line.
End : Move to the end of the current line.
Ctrl+Up : Scroll up one line.
Ctrl+Down : Scroll down one line.
Page up : Scroll up one screen.
Page down : Scroll down one screen.
Ctrl+PgUp : Scroll left one screen.
Ctrl+PgDn : Scroll right one screen.
Ctrl+Home : Scroll to the start of the document.
Ctrl+End : Scroll to the end of the document.
Ctrl+Left : Move left one ward.
Ctrl+Right : Move right one word.
EDITING
COMMANDS:
Enter : Start a new line.
Delete : Delete the character that the cursor
is on.
Backspace : Delete the character to the left of
the cursor.
Tab : Move the cursor to next tab stop
Insert : Switch between insert and overwrite
modes.
Ctrl+Y : Delete the current line.
Ctrl+V : Paste buffer contents into file.
Ctrl+P : Allows special characters to be
inserted.
COMMANDS
FOR WORKING WITH SELECTED REGIONS
Shift : Use the shift key in conjunction with
the cursor movement
Functions to
select regions.
Ctrl+C : Copy the current selection to buffer.
Delete : Delete the current selection.
Tab : Indent the selected lines.
Shift+Tab : Un - indent the selected lines.
COMMANDS
FOR FINDING AND REPLACING TEXT
Ctrl+Q+F : find text.
Ctrl+Q+A : find text and replace it.
F3 : repeat the last search.
WINDOW
MANAGEMENT COMMANDS
F6 : switch to next edit window.
F8 : switch to next file you are working
on.
Ctrl+F6 : open second edit window.
Ctrl+F4 : close second edit window.
Ctrl+F8 : resize edit window.
OTHER COMMANDSF1
–DISPLAY CONTEXT SENSTIVE HELP
Prepared By
Lateef Salman 9849330092 9848915063
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